The Dark Side of Loneliness

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lonelinessMany people, especially codependents, are haunted by inner loneliness. Loneliness is rising in the United States. Statistics showed that 30% of older adults reported loneliness in 2018. A study the following year revealed that 58% of Americans often felt like no one in their life knew them well. (Rameer, 2022) The pandemic has deepened the problem. Loneliness is a source of pain for 36% of all Americans—including 61% of young adults. (Harvard, 2022) In fact, our emotional reaction to rejection emanates from the area of our brain (the dorsal anterior cingulated) that also responds to physical pain. (Cacioppo and Patrick, 2008)

Loneliness is associated with living alone, which surveys indicate has steadily risen to 27 percent in 2013 and to 50 percent and higher in parts of Florida, West Virginia, and especially California. However, being alone only describes a physical condition. We don’t always feel lonely when we’re alone. Individual needs for connection vary. Some people choose to live solo and are happier doing so. They don’t suffer the same sense of abandonment caused by the unwanted loss of a partner through a breakup, divorce, or death. They may also have greater inherited insensitivity to social disconnection, according to recent research

Loneliness in Relationships

Although loneliness is greater among people living alone, it can be felt while in a relationship or group. This is because it’s the quality, not the quantity, of social interactions that determines whether we feel connected. As the number of work hours and household television sets has increased, family dinners have declined. Today, although the quantity of interactions has increased, due to the proliferation of cell phones, screen time is replacing face time. People spend more time on their digital devices than in face-to-face conversations, contributing to more loneliness. (Cacioppo, 2012) A UCLA study shows that social skills are declining as a result. There’s a 40 percent decline in empathy among college students due to new technology, and 12-year olds are socially behaving like 8-year-olds. (Turkle, 2015) Recently, Pew Research Center that 82 percent of adults felt that the way they used their phones in social settings hurt the conversation.

Codependency and Lack of Intimacy

The absence of someone nurturing to listen, care, and affirm our existence makes us feel isolated or emotionally abandoned. Although intimate connections are the remedy, characteristically, codependent relationships lack of intimacy. Codependents have difficulty with intimacy due to shame and poor communication skills. Often they partner with someone addicted, abusive, or just emotionally unavailable (and they may be, as well.)

Whether alone or in a relationship, codependents may be unable to identify the source of their unhappiness, feeling depressed, sad, or bored, yet not knowing that they’re lonely. Others know, but find it difficult to effectively ask for their needs. Their relationship dynamics and loneliness may seem familiar, like the emotional dysfunction in their childhood. We want and need emotional closeness from our partner and friends, but when an intimate, emotional bond is lacking, we experience disconnection and emptiness. (For more on emptiness and healing, see Chapter 4, “There’s a Hole in My Bucket” in Conquering Shame and Codependency.)

Years ago, I believed that more shared activities would create that missing connection, not realizing it was something less tangible–real intimacy, which was absent in my relationship. (See “Your Intimacy Index”). Instead, like most codependents, I experienced “pseudo-intimacy,” which can take the form of a romantic “fantasy bond,” shared activities, intense sexuality, or a relationship where only one partner is vulnerable, while the other acts as an advisor, confidant, provider, or emotional caretaker.

The undercurrent of loneliness and fear of loneliness stems from chronic lack of connectedness and loneliness in childhood. While some children are neglected or abused, the majority grow up in families where parents don’t have the time or sufficient emotional resources to honor their children’s feelings and needs. Children feel ignored, unloved, shamed, or alone. Some feel like an outsider, that “No one gets me,” even though their family otherwise appears to be normal. To cope, they withdraw, accommodate, rebel, and/or take up addictions, and mask, and eventually deny, what they feel inside.

Loneliness and Shame

Meanwhile, children’s growing sense of separation from themselves and lack of authentic connection with a parent(s) can breed inner loneliness and feelings of unworthiness. “The awareness of human separation, without reunion by love–is a source of shame. It is at the same time the source of guilt and anxiety.” (Fromm, E., The Art of Loving, p. 9) As adults, codependents can get caught in a self-defeating cycle of loneliness, shame, and depression. Repeated break-ups and abandoning relationships can foster a worsening cycle of abandonment. (See “Breaking the Cycle of Abandonment.”)

The greater our loneliness, the less we seek to engage with others, while our anxiety around authentic connection grows. Studies show than prolonged loneliness breeds low self-esteem, introversion, pessimism, disagreeableness, anger, shyness, anxiety, lessened social skills, and neuroticism. We imagine negative evaluations from others, called shame anxiety. This leads to anxious, negative, and self-protective behaviors, to which other people respond negatively, fulfilling our imagined outcome.

The shame associated with loneliness is directed not only against ourselves. Loneliness carries a stigma–so we don’t admit we’re lonely–but is also experienced by others with gender differences. Lonely men are perceived more negatively than women, and more negatively by women, even though more women than men report feeling lonely. (Lau, 1992)

Health Risks

The strong association between loneliness and depression is well documented; but, loneliness also triggers serious health risks, impacting our endocrine, immune, and cardiovascular systems, and accelerating death. According to a recent study, the lonely have increased risk for cancer, neurodegenerative disease, and viral infections.

Perceived loneliness triggers a flight-or-fight stress response. Stress hormones and inflammation rise, and exercise and restorative sleep decrease. Norepinephrine surges, shutting down immune functions and ramping up production of white blood cells that cause inflammation. Meanwhile, it makes us less sensitive to cortisol that protects us from inflammation. In commenting on the research, neuroscientist Turhan Canli points out that loneliness one year affects our genetic inflammatory response the following year, confirming the self-reinforcing, negative, emotional spiral discussed above: “Loneliness predicted biological changes, and biological changes predicted changes in loneliness.” (Chen, 2015)

Coping with Loneliness

For many of us, when we’re lonely, we tend to isolate even more. We may not feel like talking to someone, even though it would help. Now we have the data to explain why biological, even genetic changes make loneliness hard to overcome. We may turn to addictive behavior instead of seeking social connection. There is a high correlation between obesity and loneliness.

We really have to fight our natural instinct to withdraw. Try admitting to a friend or neighbor that you’re lonely. To motivate socializing with other people, commit to a class, meet-up, CoDA, or other 12-Step meetings. Exercise with a buddy. Volunteer or support a friend in need can to take your mind off of yourself and lift your spirits.

As with all feelings, loneliness is worsened by resistance and self-judgment. We fear experiencing more pain if we allow our hearts to open. Often, the reverse is true. Allowing feelings to flow can not only release them, but also the energy expended in suppressing them. Our emotional state shifts, so that we feel invigorated, peaceful, tired, or content in our aloneness. For more suggestions, read “Coping with Loneliness” in Codependency for Dummies.

© DarleneLancer 2015

Harvard Graduate School of Education (2022) “Loneliness in America: How the Pandemic Has Deepened an Epidemic of Loneliness and What We Can Do About It

Vanessa Mae Rameer (2022) “US Loneliness Statistics 2022: Are Americans Lonely?

John T. Cacioppo, Stephanie Cacioppo, “The Phenotype of LonelinessEuropean Journal of Developmental Psychology, 2012 Jul 1; 9(4): 446–452.

John T. Cacioppo and William Patrick, “Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection,” The Wall Street Journal, Nov. 28, 2008.

Angus Chen, “Loneliness May Warp Our Genes, And Our Immune Systems,” NPR, Your Health, November 29, 2015.

Lau, S., & Gruen, G. E. (1992). “The social stigma of loneliness: Effect of target person’s and perceiver’s sex.Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 182-189.

Turkle, Sherry, “Stop Googling. Let’s Talk,” The New York Times, Sept. 26, 2015.

 

 

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brent alford
brent alford
5 years ago

i’m having some real problems with loneliness was in a toxic relationship in which i was the toxic one now i’m settled and trying to get back my loved one and she isn’t responding. I’m almost completely paralyzed by shame and loneliness i don’t know if i can bear it, the worst thing is its all my fault.

Darlene Lancer, LMFT
5 years ago
Reply to  brent alford

Note that your personality style to keep safe is to push people away. This is further discussed in depth in Conquering Shame and Codependency. Your shame is driving the behavior and only creates more of it.

Bindi
Bindi
5 years ago

Thank you SO MUCH! This explains a lot. I’m a chronic isolator. Beginning to heal right now by doing a program. One of the questions led me to your article. Wow! What an eye opener.

Kaarin
Kaarin
7 years ago

I’ve just come across your site and found it a wealth of knowledge and for me relief. I wanted to ask you as codependency is often related to addiction I wondered what your thoughts were on the growing technology addiction. I was in a long term relationship with where my partner couldn’t be separated from his device and the internet. He was a grown man in his 40s but acted like a teenager if he was cut off.

Darlene Lancer, LMFT
7 years ago
Reply to  Kaarin

Computer devices have just about everyone addicted! If provides instant gratification, entertainment, a sense of connection, unilateral control, variety, and brain stimulation. That’s hard to beat. It can be especially addictive to people who are isolated, lonely, and the emptiness that underlies addiction and codependency, which is widespread. (See my article on emptiness. It’s also a means to avoid intimacy with a partner. See “Dance of Intimacy.”

Neil
Neil
7 years ago

I am just beginning to suffer these effects. Divorced, unemployed and home locked for almost 8 years now. On one hand I have become a Jedi of self awareness. On the other hand, I have become so paralyzed by not knowing what to do that the creeping shadow of something terrible is beginning to overtake me. The feelings of worthlessness prevail as I realize that my skill sets as an artist are completely valueless in today’s society. How tragically hip it is to write a Magnum Opus only to realize at the end you’ve actually penned a suicide note in prose. I don’t know what to do.

Darlene Lancer, LMFT
7 years ago
Reply to  Neil

Isolation can grow as you describe. The ego and possibilities contract, and yes, emotional paralysis sets in as our world and mind shrinks. It’s imperative that you get support. Find a counselor and join a local support group, meetup or CoDA.org meetings. You can arrange to meet someone there, so someone will greet you.

fgfqns
fgfqns
8 years ago

I wish more people would examine sibling relationships in relation to shame. How your siblings treat you I think can have more import than how parents treat you. The worst bullying and abuse, and the most likely to engender shame is often siblings, it is is for me. I am in my fifties and still play the record of “fat shit” and “waste of space” that my older brothers pounded into me.

Darlene Lancer, LMFT
8 years ago
Reply to  fgfqns

That’s very true, and I see many clients traumatized by sibling abuse. See this blog on emotional abuse and on trauma. Recovery though is the same, regardless of who is the abuser. Therapy and doing the exercises in Conquering Shame</em> would be helpful.

Christine Dunkley
Christine Dunkley
8 years ago

Thank you for this excellent blog post. You might also want to see my articles on treating loneliness https://bit.ly/1SWsfcY and shame https://bit.ly/1M7G02R

Pierre Yorke
Pierre Yorke
8 years ago

I’ve had a quick read, as it is 23,00 in Sweden I will just make a quick reflection.
Yes this article fits well with my experience both as a family therapist and as a private person.

Working with older adopted children from outside Sweden. There is that from chronic lack of connectedness
And the anxiety around authentic connection with parental figures, in our case as foster parents, lead to withdrawal and violent negative behaviour when closeness was experienced as threatening (Our take being the fear of losing out on a positive relation. The what if?)

At present we are actively having face-to-face meetings with refugees settled here.

Pierre Yorke
Pierre Yorke
8 years ago

I’ve had a quick read, as it is 23,00 in Sweden I will just make a quick reflection.
Yes this article fits well with my experience both as a family therapist and as a private person.

Working with older adopted children from outside Sweden. There is that from chronic lack of connectedness
And the anxiety around authentic connection with parental figures, in our case as foster parents, lead to withdrawal and violent negative behaviour when closeness was experienced as threatening (Our take being the fear of losing out on a positive relation. The what if?)

At present we are actively having face-to-face meetings with refugees settled here.

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